How Music Can Improve Our Mental Abilities - 1019 Words

â€Å"Listen or not to listen† to music, while studying, is a question that puzzles many researchers, teachers, parents, and of course, us students. There are myriads of studies performed in different countries over the past few decades, and still, there is no single defined answer. Researchers have been able to observe some trends and effects of different type of music on different personalities, while they are in information abortion mode, but have been holding back from a â€Å"one size fit all† conclusion. In some instances certain music can improve our mental abilities to process information, but in other cases it can cause harm. And this is understandable, we are all so different that our reactions and perceiving toward things that surround†¦show more content†¦Likewise, for us, students, music impacts and regulates our mood. The best condition to study is in a relaxed mood. This is why it is important to choose music that does not distract but aligns an d coordinates entire nervous system activity. With advancement of portable music devices, background music has become widespread in our daily lives. Students of various ages may argue that music in general helps them to study more effectively. While music appears to enhance learning of some groups of students, it may negatively affect others. Study published in Applied Cognitive Psychology, in 2010 reveals that remembering and absorbing new information is best done with music turned off. This view is also supported by Clifford Nass, Stanford University professor. He states: â€Å"Music with lyrics is very likely to have a problematic effect when you’re writing or reading.† (January 13, 2015) Listening to songs or music with words may lessen cognitive abilities in a process of memorizing things in order. In other words, music becomes a distraction. In such situations when you need to give learning and remembering your full attention, â€Å"silence is golden.† (January 13, 2015) Every time I visit public library, I get reminded of library etiquette: to be quiet and respectful as â€Å"study is in progress.† (January 13, 2015) I also noticed that in such environment my personal reading and researches

The Potential Costs Of Investment Essay - 2146 Words

1) If the potential costs of investment are shared between worker and employment, they both share costs and benefits of the firm-specialized training. The worker benefits because their initial earning potential is higher comparatively to the rest of the similar general training market workers; the worker also benefits in having job security or retained employment with the firm. But if the worker leaves, the potential costs fall to both the firm and the worker because the worker cannot carry his training elsewhere to another firm and the firm loses a trained worker and investment of time and money, and now must expend cost toward another worker’s training. The worker also must keep in mind that his earnings could remain stagnant while generally trained workers will eventually increase their earnings in the competitive market. Firm specific training is often paid for by the employer for firm-only knowledge and training or can be dually invested by worker and firm; however, it is not transferable among the market. While, highly specialized training is concentrated within the market and only few are trained, specialized, and knowledgeable in the industry or field. Training and investment for firm-specific training can be risky for the employer and the worker while in this worker-employer relationship the potential benefit is mutual only if the worker retains his employment with the firm who trained the worker. The highly-specialized training could be costlier in comparison toShow MoreRelatedAbc Based On Current Cash Flow, Production Cost, Potential Investments, And An Overall Risk Profile1292 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterials to build cedar houses. 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Dr. Condoleezza Rice Free Essays

Dr. Condoleezza â€Å"Condi† Rice was born on November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama. She is the only child her parent’s name are Angelena and John Wesley Rice. We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Condoleezza Rice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both parents are educated; her mother was a teacher while her father was a minister and a football coach. Dr. Rice learned to play the piano at an early age she also learned to speak French. The father moved the family up to Denver because of job placement. Condi graduated at the age of 15 from St. Mary Academy High School with a 4. 00 GPA. She started college at the University of Denver and graduated at the age of 19 with a Bachelor in Political Science. She attended the University of Notre Dame and received her master in 1975. Condi being an over-achiever went back to get her doctoral degree from the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. She accomplished all of this before the age of 27. Dr. Condoleezza Rice grew up in the turmoil of racism. During this time in the 1950’s it was difficult for African Americans to be successful. Condi mother tired to shield her from the treatments of Blacks. Dr. Rice remembered when she went out shopping with her mother it was one incident where they were at the store and the cashier/owner saw Condi glancing up on some expensive hats and she yelled at her to get off. Her mother yelled at the white women by telling her not to talk to her daughter that way and the mother told Condi to touch every hat in the store. Condi parents taught her to not thi nk of herself as less of a person than white. It’s not as shocking that Condoleezza Rice could stand the hardship of racism. She made something of herself such as becoming an extraordinary public figure. In a short time she gained a great deal of power and influence over people. She became a professor at Stanford and later went to serve as the Director of the Soviet and Eastern Europe Affairs for the National Security Council during Bush’s Presidency in 1989. In 1993, Condi became the Provost of Stanford, where she balanced the $410 million dollar budget within her first year. In 1999, she resigned as the Provost and became Bush’s Foreign Policy Advisor for his campaign. She became the first female National Security Advisor. The NAACP saw Dr. Rice being an influential role model to the minorities and was awarded the President’s Award in 2002. She became the United States Secretary of State which she was appointed in 2005. Condoleezza Rice is a good leader because she has a combination of many things, especially being a proficient communicator. In addition to English she also speaks Russian, German, French, and Spanish. She carries great talent and breaks the language barriers when travelled to those speaking countries. Condi is an effective leader because she is self-assured, knowledgeable, and proficient in the environment that she takes part of. Her major experience in politics is in Russian foreign affairs so being able to speak Russian is a bonus. She carries herself at a position that people know that she is serious and committed at everything she strives to attain. Condoleezza Rice valued her faith which guides her through difficult times in her life. She feels that if you are praying and have faith then God will show you the way. I do believe that’s true prayer can get you through the toughest times in your life that you never thought would have happen to you. Her family is her support system. Unfortunately, she lost her mother from breast cancer that she battled with for 15 years. Her mother was not able to see her daughter accomplished many outstanding opportunities. Her father was blessed enough to see his daughter be the first National Security Advisor but shortly afterward he passed away. Her family was very influential while growing up which led to her going to college and opening bigger opportunities. She knew the importance of education by having her grandfather graduate from college and hears the struggles he went through, ever since than her family has been college-educated. Condoleezza Rice do not feel sorry for people, she feels that everybody can accomplish something and use that special ability that’s inside them to be productive in the society. When it comes to African Americans she seems to be stern on us. She feels that blacks should not be feeding off the benefits of what our people where force to do during slavery time. She really believes that everybody should be treated equal, so she is obviously against affirmative action. After reading this book, I was able to understand more of Condoleezza Rice, her actions and decisions. Some people may not like her and it could be the choices she made along the Bush administration. However, I understand that she is a strong woman who is not intimidated by anybody. She is very direct and stands strong on her decisions. She grew up during the segregating times but didn’t let that hold her back from accomplishing her goals. She ended up being a very powerful and influential public figure, for that I look up to her for that. I know people who would be faced with a difficult situation that would weighed them down. They will not achieve a goal that could have opened the doors of opportunities to better their future. I chose to investigate more of Condoleezza Rice because I didn’t know practically anything about her other than her being the first African American women to be the United States Secretary of State. After reading her biography I can now say how delighted I am to learned that a women that is African American achieving such an enormous ambition in her life. She have influence me to farther my education and get a master degree â€Å"in something I loved† I’m taken her advice to â€Å"always take life one step at a time. † I feel that this step will be great for my family and me. I’m a first generation in my family so I know if my parents were still around that they would be proud of me of aiming that high in education. I know that those young people in my hometown neighborhood look up to me, even though I grew up in the â€Å"hood† I didn’t let the environment hold me back from something potential. I let the environment motivate me to not become a statistics and not to have my future family being raised in that kind of environment. I know furthering your education the key to success and that’s what I’m trying to show those youngsters in the neighborhood. Instead of just talking about it I must show the kids that it can be accomplished. This makes me feel excellent on the inside that I’m bettering somebody else life. How to cite Dr. Condoleezza Rice, Papers

Computer Security Breaches Web New

Question: Discuss about the Computer Security Breaches Web New. Answer: web for news on computer security breaches The problem of computer security breaches is increasing day by day. The main reason for this problem is lack of appropriate security and privacy of data that is stored into computer systems and shared over different networks. Here we will emphasize on a case of computer security breach that occurred in 2015. Under this discussion, the main problem, why it occurred and what are the possible solutions for this problem will be discussed in detail. News about Data Breach costs Comcast In news of data breaches, case of Comcast Company cannot be ignored. It is a company in United States of America. Due to a big data breach, Comcast Company has agreed to pay a fine of $33 million to customers who are involved in posting their personal information online. There were near about 75000 customers who affected by this big data breach and their personal information got public. The affected customers paid $1.50 a month for keeping their data secure and private to Comcast. According to statement of California Attorney, the violation of privacy of consumers will result in significant penalties and leaking of customers data was a trouble breach of privacy (Checkmarx, 2017). What was the Problem The computer security breach of Comcast Company was held on September 17, 2015. The problem is that personal information of Comcasts customers that was stored in Comcasts database, has hacked by hackers and also made public. Comcast provides so much security to its customers information, but still this computer breach has occurred due to improper usage of security and privacy tools and lack of usage of advanced security techniques and policies (PCWorld, 2017). How and why did security breach occur The root cause of this problem of Comcast Companys security breach is the online posting of personal information of customers that includes names, phone numbers and addresses of customers (Tech Times, 2017). These customers are those who have paid to have voice-over-internet protocol, numbers unlisted and VoIP. The publishing of personal information that should have been unlisted is considered unlawful and it leads to trouble of security breach of privacy and security. Similar thing has happened in case of Comcast Company. Due to lack of security and privacy of data, it has become easier for hackers to hack confidential information from databases or network (LIFARS, 2017). Possible Solutions As we have discussed above, how computer security breach has happened in Comcast Company and due to this potential customers of this company has faced issues that their confidential. Information became public. In this case, it has become necessary for Comcast Company to find possible solutions to resolve this issue of security breach. Following are some possible solutions for handling issues of computer security breach (Morgan, 2017). First of all it is necessary for Comcast Company to improve handling of complaints of customers regarding security of data and vendor use of data. Another possible solution is that Comcast Company has to provide explanation that how unlisted number and personal data are used (com, 2017). All computer systems that are connected with network must have anti-virus in it. Anti-virus helps to control entry of virus into system and if virus finds then fix it successfully. In this way, the virus attacks such as malware and others can be controlled by using advanced anti-virus solutions (Perlroth, 2017). The login credentials that are used by customers for their online accounts must be in encrypted form while stored into database. Encryption is form of cryptography and data in this form is hard to guess. Comcasts security experts should careful about this security technique and must use this while storing data into database. Besides above solutions, it is necessary for Comcast Company to make good security policies and order employees to follow them strictly. The no proper implementation of security policies and companys rules also lead to negative results and chances of security issues are increased (McGoogan, 2017). These are some possible solutions that Comcast Company should implement to resolve issue of privacy and security issues. According to analysis about possible solutions of Comcast Company, it is found that some solutions have already executed in Comcast, but expected outcomes did not get. It means more efforts are required to get full security and privacy of data. Now management of Comcast Company has provided assurance to customers that they are improving their activities to provide much better security to their information and company has already reached to a settlement with the California Public Utilities Commissions and Attorney General of California that brings this matter closure. Like Comcast Company, there are various other companies exist that have already encountered this kind of security and privacy issues. Those companies can also implement above listed solutions to resolve their security problems. Research about popular hack case In this segment of report, we will discuss a popular case of hacking on the web that happened between 2012 and 2016. Here we have selected a case of Yahoo Hack. This incident occurred in December, 2016. This incident is considered biggest data breach of history. As we know that Yahoo is a well-known company that provides telecommunication and other internet services. The Yahoo messenger is also popular among people worldwide. The hacking case of Yahoo was unexpected for its users and management. Now here we will emphasize on hacking case of Yahoo in detail. News about Yahoo Hacking It is admitted by Yahoo that company was hit with the worlds largest cyber-attack that involves breach of customer data. The result of this hacking was losing of personal details and passwords of one billion accounts. What was the Problem According to analysis we got to know that Yahoo got back hacked data in month of November. The information is analyzed by experts of external computer forensics and from this analysis it is confirmed that data is associated with one billion accounts that was hacked in previous years. These one billion accounts include confidential information of names, email addresses. Telephone numbers, hashed passwords and date of birth. This whole information was jumbled and harder to read as compare to plain text. There were also some cases when security questions and answers were also taken. But the stolen information did not include payment or bank account details, because that were stored in a separate system (IdentityForce, 2017). Who were affected and how According to further study about case of Yahoo, it is found that around 3 billion users on the internet and significant numbers of people i.e. one billion were affected due to this attack. These are not small number of people who have affected. Although financial information of customers is secured but still account holders are at risk that they can be targeted by fraudsters those are looking for financial details or any other information. If the combination of stolen passwords and data will be used again by customers then it is possible that hackers can use that to log into other websites. Besides this, phishing attacks are implemented by hackers to target with phishing attacks (McGoogan, 2017). How was attack carried out There was one vulnerable way that is used by hackers to implement this attack i.e. hacking. Through hacking hackers have tried to access confidential information of Yahoos customers from database of this company. The main thing here is stored data is in scrambled form and very hard to understand. But still hackers stole that data. It means security is not properly applied. Besides this, it will be better for Yahoo to use cryptography to maintain security of data. In case of cryptography, encryption technique can be used. This technique encrypts information in unreadable form that is hard to understand by hackers and it is considered better than jumbled of words (Kinney, S., Kinney, 2017). Prevention from Attack As we have discussed above issue of computer security breach that has faced by Yahoo Company, why and how it has happened. From above discussion it is cleared that this hacking attack is vulnerable and must be controlled by company. Here in this segment of report, we will discuss ways that are implemented by Yahoo to get rid of this problem and must be implemented by Yahoo and other companies (Recode, 2017). The first way to get prevention from above discussed attack is to use encryption technique to encrypt data before storing into database. This is an effective way to store data in secure way and chances of hacking data will be reduced. Yahoo security experts should use this technique. (com, 2017) Another way to get prevention from hacking is to manage authorization of users of database in which every data or information is stored. It means login credentials such as username and passwords should be strong and should be stored in encrypted form into database. The access of database should be provided to administration and no other person should be able to access that database without permission (Perlroth, 2017). The security policies of company also matter. If security policy will be effective and followed by all employees of company then issues of hacking or security breaches can be resolved. Besides above listed security techniques, Yahoo is also doing another efforts after occurring of this hacking incident. This company has decided to notify its customers those are affected by this incident and prompt them to secure their accounts on the behalf of some measures such as changing passwords. All unencrypted security questions will be considered now invalid and new ones security questions will be added in encrypted form. The cookie forging hack has also blocked by Yahoo. Therefore, these above listed ways are used by Yahoo Company to resolve problem of hacking. There are million users who have used Yahoo and made accounts on it by providing their personal information to company. Therefore, it is accountability of Yahoo towards its potential customers to provide them full security and privacy. Conclusion After this whole discussion about computer security breaches and hacking issues, we can say that if these issues will be controlled on time then security and privacy of information can be maintained for long time by business organizations. But if proper security tools and techniques will not be implemented by its users then issues of hacking, phishing and identity theft etc. can encountered. It is responsibility of the users and developers to maintain security of data at their own levels. References Checkmarx.(2017). August 2016 Hacks: 8 of the Largest Hacks, Breaches and Cyber Incidents. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.checkmarx.com/2016/09/11/august-2016-hacks-8-largest-hacks-breaches-cyber-incidents/ PCWorld.(2017). The 10 biggest hacks, breaches, and security stories of 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.pcworld.com/article/3152367/security/the-10-biggest-hacks-breaches-and-security-stories-of-2016.html Kinney, S., Kinney, S. (2017). Comcast data breach to cost $33 million. RCR Wireless News. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.rcrwireless.com/20150924/big-data-analytics/comcast-data-breach-costs-33-million-tag17 LIFARS.(2017). Comcast Slapped with a $33 Million Fine over Data Breach. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://lifars.com/2015/09/comcast-slapped-with-a-33-million-fine-over-data-breach/ Morgan, L. (2017). Data breach costs Comcast $33million. IT Governance USA Blog. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.itgovernanceusa.com/blog/data-breach-costs-comcast-33million/ McGoogan, C. (2017). Yahoo hack: What you need to know about the biggest data breach in history. The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/15/yahoo-hack-need-know-biggest-data-breach-history/ Recode. (2017). Yahoos head lawyer is taking the fall for its hacking, while CEO Marissa Mayer is getting her pay docked. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.recode.net/2017/3/1/14783686/yahoos-lawyer-ousted-hacking-marissa-mayer-pay-docked Perlroth, V. (2017). Yahoo Says 1 Billion User Accounts Were Hacked. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/technology/yahoo-hack.html?_r=0 Ft.com.(2017). Yahoo hacking what you need to know. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/266aa154-8165-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4McGoogan, C. (2017). Yahoo hack: What you need to know about the biggest data breach in history. The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/15/yahoo-hack-need-know-biggest-data-breach-history/ Tech Times.(2017). Biggest Data Breaches And Hacks Of 2016: Yahoo Data Breach, DNC Hacking, And More. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.techtimes.com/articles/190021/20161225/biggest-data-breaches-and-hacks-of-2016-yahoo-data-breach-dnc-hacking-and-more.htm Fortune.com.(2017). Yahoo Got Hacked Big Time: What You Need to Know. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://fortune.com/2016/09/22/yahoo-hack-qa/ IdentityForce. (2017). 2016 Data Breaches. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.identityforce.com/blog/2016-data-breaches Perlroth, N. (2017). Yahoo Says Hackers Stole Data on 500 Million Users in 2014. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/technology/yahoo-hackers.html

Essay on research How Apple Watch Can Spot Heart Issues

Essay on research How Apple Watch Can Spot Heart Issues For more than a year, Apple Watch-based research was conducted by Stanford University in order to figure out whether the device can detect heart issues. The results appeared to be promising even though they can’t be completely accurate. 400,000 volunteers took part in the study but only 0.5 % of device users were warned by Apple Watch that their heart rhythms are irregular. Later on, medical practitioners revealed that 84 % of the notifications concerned episodes of atrial fibrillation, which are signs of the potential development of health issues. In other words, the technology appeared to be capable of avoiding an abundance of false positives, which are undoubtedly the main concern of the research. Besides, it appeared to be reliable enough for the volunteers to make a move and schedule a consultation with a doctor. Those who received alerts agreed to wear an ECG patch for a week and 34 % out of them did show irregularities. About 57 % of the volunteers who saw the warning consulted with a doctor. It’s important to note that the study used Apple Watches from Series 3 and earlier. Series 4 appeared somewhat later so with its built-in ECG it couldn’t be used for the research. The app was mainly aimed at periodic checks by means of the heart rate sensor for getting notified if something doesn’t function properly. The results that were revealed in the course of the study can’t be fully relied upon. While 84 % is a figure high enough to make the findings trustworthy, a sixth of those who received warning notifications might have no grounds for concern. Besides, it is also possible that people who have atrial fibrillation didn’t receive a notification. The good thing is that the results of testing the Apple Watch device are positive and, hopefully, Apple will continue pushing deeper in the health service.

Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare and To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell Essays

Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare and To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell Essays Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare and To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell Paper Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare and To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Poetry Firstly I will be analysing Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare. The poem has been written to send a message to poets, telling them that sonnets do not have to be unrealistic; Shakespeare also mocks traditional Elizabethan sonnets. The occasion is that Shakespeare believes in real love not falsely comparing women to god-like creatures. The sonnet was written in the Renaissance era. The sonnet is not traditional to other of that era because he turns traditional sonnets on their head by saying no such roses see I in her cheeks. The only traditional element of the poem is that it has structure of a traditional sonnet. In this poem Shakespeare deals with the theme of love for example Shakespeare uses Juxtaposition to show that traditional sonnet are unrealistic If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. Shakespeare said this to show realistic characteristics of women instead of false comparison. The emotion and feelings in the poem are not clear but towards the end, especially the rhyming couplets there is hints of love. Shakespeare poem has the traditional backbone of a sonnet of 14 lines and 10 syllables per lines. The sonnet follows an ABAB rhyming scheme with rhyming couplets at the end. Shakespeare has done this to draw attention to his sonnet; sonnets in the Elizabethan era were very popular with people so it had a much bigger fan base. The sonnet also follows Iambic Pentameter of stressed followed by unstressed. Shakespeares poetic devices are cleverly used like negative description Coral is far more red than her lips red this negative because traditional poems would hail the beauty of a women. Juxtaposition is also used to give a sense of reality instead of golden threads Shakespeare uses Black wires this effect is used to give the real image as well as shock the reader. The imagery of the poem has ionic symbols of love as well as a semantic field of nature for instance Sun, Roses, Coral and Perfume these words have been introduced to accentuate the realistic beauty of the dark mysterious women. I will now be looking at To his coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell, Marvell is a metaphysical poet who writes physical and spiritual attributes which are with logic. The poem was written in 17th Centuary therefore the language and vocabulary will be different. This poem is about a writer being rejected by the women he loves. The theme of the poem is love and how physical pleasure should be enjoyed due to times passing too quickly. This introduces the theme of transience for example Time winged chariot hurrying near this is used (I need HELP!!!!) The structure of the poem has 46 lines and 3 versus; this might be done to show the emotions in graver detail. The poem is written in rhyming couplets to give the poem a more fluid feel. For poetic device, Marvell uses hyperbole but thirty thousand to the rest. Marvell uses this to show how much in love is in. Marvell builds his arguments by saying If, So and But by using this method puts doubt in the lovers mind. The tone of the poem is very tongue in cheek; this is used to tease the mistress. The imagery of the poem is very striking, Marvell shocks the reader by saying worms shall try that, that long persevered virginity, and the writer said this to convince the mistress to change her mind. Harsh imagery is also implied especially in the third verse, Than languish in his chapt-slow power. In this section I will be closely comparing the subject, themes and style of Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare and to his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell. The subject of the two poems is mainly about the experience of love. The common elements of the poem are mainly the humour and reality of love. The style of the two poems is that they both have rhyming couplets but dont follow the same structure of lines and verses. Due to the both of the poems being written at the same era they have the same kind of language and vocabulary akin to Thy, Sunne and Musicke. The tones of the poems are completely different; Marvell poem is very tongue in cheek unlike Shakespeares negative sonnet. When the imagery of the two poems are compared with love they are similar for example Nor would I at lower rate, I think my love as rare. In comparison when compared with death and decaying The graves a fine and private place. My personal opinion of Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare is that it is very unique it shows how a real person will feel if they were in love. It also shows real characteristics of people and comparing humans as god-like creatures. My opinion of To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell is a very humorous in certain lines and verses especially Till conversion of the Jews, the humour in the poem makes the reader to find out what is going to happen next. Marvell brings an element of surprise especially to the female readers Then worms shall try that long persevered virginity this is a surprise because its unexpected. The main reasons why To his coy mistress is better than Sonnet CXXX is that Marvell uses a vast assortment of poetic devices to express the writers thoughts, feelings and emotions. The imagery which I particularly enjoyed was the personification of time in Marvells poem like Times winged chariot it gives the poem a certain degree of urgency. Also the harsh imagery gave the poem a clearer, vivid picture. In Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare, the use of ionic symbols of love was strong and unique Coral is far more red than her lips red. The poem which I personally prefer is To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell. I chose this poem because poem because it tells the unexpected and as I said above it shocks the reader, as well as shocking the reader it brings humour, in my opinion thats what Sonnet CXXX failed to do. But on the other hand Sonnet CXXX is a very unique and untraditional sonnet with it is own style which is hard to duplicate. With regards To his coy mistress you can understand the passion and commitment of the writer in the first and second verses like Two hundred to adore each breast. We understand how he feels because Marvell writes as if he is desperate for his lovers affection.

The Development of Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Development of Modern Art - Essay Example This paper will discuss five of the best artists in the Contemporary period. Each of these artists will be analyzed in terms of their inspirations, styles, and techniques that they have applied to their works; works of which have contributed to the development of Contemporary Art. The list of contemporary artists includes Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer, and Kara Walker.Upon the onset of the Modern Period, Jackson Pollock is one of those who had staged a significant feat in art development. Pollock, considered as one of the greatest contemporary painters in American art history, was part of a period where the Modernist Movement of 1920 was slowly transformed into the Post-Modernist Movement of Contemporary art history. In the New World, Pollock was known as an important member of a group of artists called the New York School. The New York School, more of a unified and collective artistic idea rather than a concrete institution, was popularly known as the Abstract Expressionists (Getlein 497). It was in this influence that Pollock acquired his unique style unto his works. His art established a new kind of visual that many had not seen before. In line with the Abstract Expressionists, the artist derived a direct influence from Surrealism. His technique showcased automatism and focused on the aesthetic powers of the unconscious. Being a painter of the mentioned genre, Pollock always exhibited large scale works in the literal sense. He used huge canvass sizes – this was to take his audience into the very essence of his paintings. The emphasis on huge painting canvasses is an essential part of Abstract Expressionists in order to highlight the effect of the entire piece (Getlein 497). The bizarre characteristics of the artist’s works bring out the very sense of post-modernism in his style. The perfection of his â€Å"drip technique† (Getlein 497) brings out the chaos ever present in his works. Yet, amidst this chaos, order, and beauty emerges as the by-product of Pollock’s hard work. This trait of â€Å"order out of chaos† is the true and sole criterion of good post-modern artwork (Libby).

The Operations of E-Cab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Operations of E-Cab - Essay Example On the other hand, the production process refers to the manufacturing process or system involved in the production of goods and services. Consequently, the goods and services represent the desired packaged product. Therefore, considering the operations within E-Cab Company, the input resources would correspond to the raw materials required for the assembly of the cabs. These include posts and cross nails, paint and cross members (Johnson, Chambers, Harland, Harrison, and Slack, 2003:494). Consequently, the production process would correspond to the manufacturing process involved in the production of cabs, including all the quality checks involved in the entire process. Finally, the cabs produced to represent the finished product desired by the customer such as the Nokia company. According to Render and Heizer (1994:198), the manufacturing process requires an operational process. An operation process underlines the crucial decisions undertaken in the transformation of resources into products and services. Consequently, the objective of the operation process is the prompt and effective production of the desired goods and services (Heizer, 2010:198). Therefore, the transformation process incorporates the fundamental management model. This process involves operations strategy, design, planning and control, and, finally, improvement. All these processes are intertwined to produce the desired strategy in regard to operations. However, in order to understand this process, one has to consider the Hayes and Wheelwright model. Therefore, as regards E-Cab Company, its manufacturing system lacked in quality as a result of poor operational systems. This was a result of a deficiency in two crucial transforming resources: facilities and personnel.  

Individualized Cover Letter (in Finance) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individualized Cover Letter (in Finance) - Essay Example Through my hard work and dedication to my studies, I am equipped with adequate knowledge in corporate finance, strategic financial management, portfolio management, financial reporting and financial analysis. My internship experience at Camalia Capital Market in Israel gave me a hands-on experience in assisting sales and trade of equities. My flexibility also allows me work closely with back-office staff in carrying out settlements and maintaining records. During the summer of 2006, I have been fortunate to secure an internship at Interparfums Inc which opened my eyes to how marketing issues is interrelated with financial concerns. If given a chance, I will be very committed in bringing my strengths and competencies for the utmost benefit of your business organization. Aside from my aforementioned knowledge and expertise, I am very much willing to learn the necessary skills to excel in the post.

Existentialism in Camus The Stranger Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in Camus The Stranger Essay Existentialism is often defined as a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice. As a result of the diversity of positions associated with this term it is impossible to define precisely. There are, however, basic themes common in existentialist beliefs. As is evident through the root of the word, exist, there is a stress on definite individual existence and freedom of choice. Developed between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this ideology influenced literature greatly. A prime example of the incorporation of certain aspects of existentialism is witnessed in Albert Camuss The Stranger. The use of existentialism within his work assists in the development of his characters; it determines how they will act and respond to their surroundings. The aforementioned actions are often unique due to the influence of existentialism. Meursault is the major character in The Stranger. He is considered the personification of existentialism, the existential hero if you will. He is emotionally indifferent to others and, as the prosecutor of his case words it, a coolly calculating monster. Meursault is alienated from society throughout the tale as he accepts individual responsibility for his unique progression. Throughout Camuss The Stranger there are references to an event that occurs at the outset of the novel and exhibits ideals inherent to existentialism: the death of Meursaults mother. His insensitivity is introduced through the emotions, or lack thereof, that he displays upon news of the death of Maman. He seemingly cares not for his own mother as is shown in his opening statements: Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. I got a telegram from the home: Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours. That doesnt mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday. He is more concerned with the time of the death rather than the fact that he has just lost a loved one. In addition, Meursault is more concerned about his surroundings at the home and in the mortuary, rather than the fact that his mother lies dead in a casket, several feet from him. As the caretaker proceeds to approach the casket so as to give Meursault a last look at his mother, Meursault himself stops him. As the caretaker asks just why he requests the casket left closed the only reason Meursault can give is, I dont know. During the funeral procession he seems much more alert to the suns rays beating down on him, choosing to forget where he is and the task at hand. The lack of compassion and refusal to behave the way society expects him to act are what essentially make him an existentialist. Several mundane yet life altering events are also taken into account by Meursault in an existential attitude. He meets a woman named Marie while swimming the day following Mamans funeral. Despite the death that had just occurred, he finds joy in her company and does not let his loss bother him. Later on, Marie inquires as to whether Meursault would be interested in marrying her. In response he states, I said it didnt make any difference to me and that we could if she wanted to. Such an insensitive response is intrinsic to the beliefs of an existential. This is only exemplified as he answers the same way when she queries him on his love for her. Marriage is considered by society to be an important event in life yet Meursault wanders from the beaten path, in an example of the theory of existence preceding essence or that one is in control of their own destiny. He demonstrates this belief once again as his boss offers him a chance to move to Paris where he would attain a change in life. Meursault is indifferent on the subject as he does not desire more and was not dissatisfied by what he had now. The boss was upset at this turn of events and Meursault simply returned to work stating, I would rather not have upset him, but I couldnt see any reason to change my life. He gives no rational explanation as to why he would want to change his life or not, only that it was not important and one life was just the same as another, showcasing another basic standard of existential belief. The climax of the book comes during Meursaults trial for the murder of the Arab and yet another rendition of existentialism is divulged. Camus begins to ridicule the legal system as his characters trial continues, making apparent the fact that Meursault is truly an outsider. Camus conveys this by making Meursault feel out of place at his own trail and rushing it along as if it is a minor insignificance. The prosecutors main base of offense is that Meursault did not exert emotions during his mothers funeral, for he was guilty. The prosecutor alienates him because he had not followed societys current misconceptions when confronted with a situation that one was supposed to grieve during. In his closing arguments, the prosecutor says, But here in the wholly negative virtue of tolerance must give way to the sterner but loftier virtue of justice. Especially when emptiness of a mans heart becomes, as we find it has in this man, an abyss threatening to swallow up society; as if to say that the murder of the Arab was a direct result of the stoic mindset Meursault held at Mamans funeral. Once again society has rejected him by distorting the truths of the case and trying him for that single event rather than that which he was convicted for. In making Meursault a stranger from society and the legal system, Camus reveals his philosophy of existentialism. The highly influential effect of the existentialist beliefs on the literature of the twentieth century is clearly revealed in the overall content and mood within Camuss The Stranger. The character of Meursault exhibits a bold existentialist attitude throughout the story that, on several occasions, explodes forth in a sharp contrast to his normal submissive personality; a most noticeable occasion being his outburst during his episode with the chaplain when he snapped after having an epiphany. It did not matter that he was being killed and the chaplain living another day, for he had lived his life and taken hold of his fate; therefore was certain as to what would come. The chaplain had his empty prayers but Meursault was sure of himself; his life and his death. Another notable occasion in which he offers an outlook on existentialism is during his stay in prison. He no longer had anyone or thing to worry about but himself. He is able to dissect himself and examine what his future will bring, and experiences several emotions often grouped with existentialism; the most outstanding being fear and anxiety. Society had declared Meursault absurd because of his unrelenting uniqueness and through this, the title of the book may be derived. Meursault has become a stranger in his own world, a social outcast punished for crimes which are both ridiculous and yet the norm. Camus, through his utilization of Meursault, has thoroughly explained the absurdities of life and how they, along with the actions of Meursault, thoroughly portray his existentialist beliefs as they were meant to be. By supplying Meursault with the nature to rebel against preconceived misconceptions, Camus has managed to provide the reader with the ability to easily decipher and gain insight to the ideals of an existentialist.

prejudice in greek system Essay -- essays research papers

A major part of every college campus is the Greek system. Although, many times it goes unnoticed there is major segregation among the fraternities and sororities in the south. Why is such an important issue often overlooked? We need to be more aware of segregation because in many cases it causes conflict. What if an African American wanted to join a traditionally white fraternity or sorority or vise versa? The chances of him/her getting in are pretty slim. In fact, it would be most likely that they would not. The walls of race and the barriers from so-called ?traditions? in the Greek system should be broken in order to diversify the organizations and lead to the changes necessary to end segregation and discrimination for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was over 130 years ago, and racial issues still stand even though it has been so long. It amazes me that discrimination and racism carries on today, especially among such younger generations such as college students. One would think that the younger generations would be more aware and more understanding of racial issues. After all it is these younger generations which were raised knowing that discrimination is wrong and everyone is equal no matter what their race or sex. Everywhere in the south a distinct separation between the black and white fraternities and sororities exists. Taking a look, even within the system ?the white fraternities belong to the InterFraternity Council, the white sororities to Panhellenic and the black Greeks to the National Panhellenic Council? (McCarthy). This separation only adds to the issue of racism and discrimination that continues to this day. Many of us think that it is not our problem or choose to ignore the issue. Many think that it is just the way it is; they are right, that is the way it is, but it does not have to be segregated. By sitting back and watching, we are agreeing with segregation and saying that it is okay. Efforts to conduct more interactions within the system and among chapters should be made. A director of Greek Life, Ron Binder, pointed out that ?we wanted to be the office of Greek Life, not the white office of Greek Life? (McCarthy). The Greek system in the north proves to be different than the south. There is no such thing as a ?black? or ?white? fraternity in the north. In the north you will find many African Americans and other minor... ...old student at Georgia Tech, is a promising one. Against the odds, he has faced the segregation issue head on, and joined a traditionally white fraternity known as Pi Kappa Phi, as the only African American. Even more uplifting is the fact that he is the president of the fraternity as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe now we can see that segregation in the Greek system can be a problem. It is left not up one but to all to take a stand, step outside the boundaries, and acknowledge the fact that segregation and discrimination is wrong. There is a problem and as with all other problems it will not be solved on its own. It takes hard work and a genuine effort to make a difference. In no way is the racial separation among the fraternities and sororities helping to solve the worldwide issues of discrimination. Hopefully in the very near future we can look past the color of skin. Using something so petty as skin color to separate people is only holding us back. Those who still use skin color as a way to judge a person are living a life of ignorance. If we are unable to get past such an issue than we will never be able to grow as individuals and as a nation to our full potential.

Ethical Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making Essay

End-of-life decision-making entails looking into ethical, cultural, as well as, legal concerns. All of the aforementioned has to be carefully considered if one has to decide to end his or her own life. This paper will look into the ethical, cultural, and legal issues that go along with end-of-life decision-making. It also intends to state what therapist can contribute in his or her participation in the discussion of end-of-life decision making together with his or her colleagues, as well as, patients & their families. Ethical Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making There are ethical indispensable issues involved in end-of-life decision-making and some are the following: First of all is the issue on utilitarianism, since this is said to be the â€Å"foundation of morals† then it is linked to the end-of-life decision-making as well (Ebenstein & Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). Here, it is said that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Ebenstein & Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). â€Å"Happiness† here is regarded as the â€Å"absence of pain† and â€Å"unhappiness† is the presence of the aforementioned (Germino 1972, p. 240). It is an issue because happiness is not all that matters in ending a life (Ebenstein & Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). In addition to that, how can one be sure that the absence of pain, which is death in this case, will lead to happiness of the person chiefly involved in the end-of-life decision-making (Ebenstein & Ebenstein 1991, p. 580)? The same is true with the family of main person involved, will they be experience happiness if the patient opts to end his or her life voluntarily instead of waiting for his or her ‘natural’ death to take place (Ebenstein & Ebenstein 1991, p. 580)? Second is the issue related with the Kantian model or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"deontological theory† (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). This states that a person has to fulfill a certain responsibility or duty as a part of his objective (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). This statement now seems to be irrational since the concrete definition of a responsibility or duty is not provided (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). For example, is it the person’s responsibility to subject himself or herself to death (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). It may be his or her right to choose to live or die but if asked if it is his or her responsibility remains a big question (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). Last but not least, there are some health care providers who are extremely conscious about â€Å"how much money is spent on patients and how effectively it is spent† (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). Some individuals feel that the amount of money spent on terminally ill patients is not really worth it (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). This is highly unethical; it is as if one is saying that money is far more important than actually trying to save a life (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). Cultural Issues Involved in End of Life Decision-Making Furthermore, there are several cultural issues involved in end-of-life decision-making as well and some are the following: First of all, there are some members of a cultural minority that prefers to be spoken to directly with regards to the disease that they are going through (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516). Although, there are also some who do not (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). In fact some immediate family members request that they be the ones to be spoken to only since they believe that informing the patient will only make the patient feel worse and will eventually negatively affect him or her (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). The same is true when it comes to making decisions with regards to the medications/treatment that the patient will undergo; some family members prefer that they be the ones to be in charge about this instead of the doctor and/or the patient (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Second, patients who belong to a cultural group sometimes opt â€Å"not to be directly informed† about the disease he or she is going through especially if it’s a life-threatening one (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Third, some patients also would prefer to carry out certain religious activities and spiritual traditions so as to assist in their medical treatment, and eventually, their healing as well (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Last but not least, some patients take into consideration their beliefs and outlook when it comes to the â€Å"medical experts, suffering, as well as, the afterlife† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Legal Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making There are also certain legal concerns when it comes to end-of-life decision-making: Most of the States disallows physician-assisted suicide; for example in New York, it is unlawful â€Å"under the general homicide laws† (Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States, n. d. , n. p. ). The same is true in Virginia wherein â€Å"there is no law that actually covers physician-assisted suicide but there is a statute which imposes civil sanctions on persons assisting in a suicide† (Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States, n. d. , n. p. ). My Participation as a Therapist in the Discussion of End-of-Life Decision-Making along with Colleagues There are several things that I may contribute as a therapist to my colleagues. I can share with them my knowledge with regards to how to communicate with patients of diverse culture (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). I can request them to â€Å"demonstrate an interest to the patient’s cultural heritage† for them to be able to give the patient â€Å"culturally-sensitive care† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). In addition to that, I will also let them know that it is important to give the patient â€Å"autonomy† especially when it comes to â€Å"non-disclosure of medical information and family-centered decision-making† because through the aforementioned, the patient will eventually feel that their â€Å"cultural norms are being respected† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). My Participation as a Therapist in the Discussion of End-of-Life Decision-Making along Patients and their Families Finally, I may also be of great assistance to patients and their families with regards to their discussion of end-of-life decision-making through the following: 1) I will respect it if the â€Å"patient prefers that his or her family members be the recipients of diagnostic and treatment information†; 2) I will make sure first who is the member of the family who’s appointed to make treatment decisions before speaking to him or her or giving them an advice with regards to the medical procedures or treatment; and 3) I will help them find another therapist/physician in case they are uncomfortable with the current one and especially if their therapist/physician â€Å"belong to the different ethnic background† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). As a therapist, I will try to advise them the best I can while considering their cultural background, incorporating my ethical/moral standards, and making sure that I will abide by the laws as well. References Bennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Q. C. : UP Press. Ebenstein, W. and Ebenstein, A. 1991, Great Political Thinkers: Plato to the President.Harcourt Brace, Forth Worth. Germino, D. 1972, Machiavelli to Marx: Modern Western Political Thought. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Hinman, L. M. (2000). Ethical Issues in End of Life Decisions: A Guide to Understanding Differences. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://ethics. sandiego. edu/presentations/sharp/index_files/v3_document. htm Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://www. nightingalealliance. org/pdf/state_grid. pdf Searight, H. R. & Gafford, J. (2005). Cultural Diversity at the End of Life: Issues and Guidelines for Family Physicians. American Family Physician, 71(3), 515 – 522.

Cultural Leadership

CONTENTS 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2. Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Definition Dimensions of culture 3. Cultural leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Globalisation Global leadership behavior 4. Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1. Introduction Cultural leadership is a study in which I sumarry colected some related ideas about culture, leadership and the impact of culture on leadership process. The project is structurared in two chapters, follow by a conclusion and bibliography. The first chapter begins by defining culture and describing the dimensions of culture with specific examples in every aria. Determining the basic dimensions or characteristics of different cultures is the first step in being able to understand the relationships between them. Because it is an abstract term, the word culture it is hard to define, and different people often define it in dissimilar ways. A definition which captured my attention is one which defined culture as the learned beliefs, values, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them unique. Culture is dynamic and transmitted to others. In short, culture is the way of life, customs, and script of a group of people. (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey, 1988). Next, in the second chapter, I found it necesarry to talk about how leadership varies across cultures and which specific leadership attributes cultures universally endorse as desirable and undesirable. As individuals we have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes and beliefs that distinguish leaders from non-leaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. So, from the perspective of this theory, leadership is in the eye of the beholder. Leadership refers to what people see in others when they are exhibiting leadership behaviors. Because of that, I have presented in this chapter six types of leadership accepted worldwide based upon Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness –GLOBAL- Research Program. I chose this specific topic, because I am interested in the domains presented, culture and leadership, and I considered this occasion, like being a great opportunity to discover more information or facts regarding them. 2. Culture Definition Anthropologists, scientist, sociologists and many others have debated the meaning of the word culture. Because it is an abstract term, it is hard to define, and different people often define it in dissimilar ways. Below, I have tried to find out some definitions of culture as follows: Kroeber, A. L. , & Kluckhohn (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions :† Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i. e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action’’. Banks, J. A. & McGee (1989). Multicultural education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon: â€Å"Most social scientists today view culture as consisting primarily of the symbolic, ideational, and intangible aspects of human societies. The essence of a culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangible aspects of human societies. People within a culture usually interpret the meaning of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in the same or in similar ways. † Linton, R. (1945, p. 32). The Cultural Background of Personality: â€Å"A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society† From a business view, when leading a multicultural group, it is important to be aware of the norms, beliefs, and values that the participants bring with them to the setting. These norms, beliefs, and values not only shape identity but they also affect perceptions, attitudes and assumptions. These aspects of individuals and groups are typically not visible and yet, they are extremely important to take into consideration during the planning and facilitative processes. Other aspects of culture implies institution, religion, education, language, material culture and life-style. Dimensions of culture Hofstede (1994) identified four dimensions of culture: The first one, individualism versus collectivism, refers to how people define themselves and their relationships with others. In an individualist culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group. Ties between individuals are loose. People look after themselves and their immediate families. For example, a student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph. D. , teach at a distinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States. Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centered and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. This kind of cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as â€Å"I† distinctive from other people. They define people by what they have done, their accomplishments, what kind of car they drive. Individualist cultures are more remote and distant. Collectivistic cultures have a great emphasize on groups and think more in terms of â€Å"we†. In China, for example it is out of question to disagree with someone’s opinion in public. You will do that in a more private and personal atmosphere to protect a person from the â€Å"loss of face†. In collectivistic cultures a direct confrontation will be always avoided. The second dimension that the author presents is the one which indicates the extent to which dominant values in a society tend to be assertive and look more interested in things than in concerning for people and the quality of life. â€Å"Masculinity is the opposite of femininity; together, they form one of the dimensions of national cultures. Masculinity stands for a society which social gender roles are dearly distinct: men are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. â€Å"Femininity stands for a society where gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender and concerned with the quality of life. † The Masculinity and Femininity dimension describes how cultures differentiate on not between gender roles. Masculine cultures tend to be ambitious and need to excel. Members of these cultures have a tendency to polarize and consider big and fast to be beautiful. In workplaces employees emphasize their work to a great extent (live in order to work) and they admire achievers who accomplished their tasks. Feminine cultures consider quality of life and helping others to be very important. The country which strives the most for maximal distinction between what women and men are expected to do, the culture that place high values on masculine traits stress assertiveness, competition, and material success is Japan, the last country being Sweden. The third dimension is power distance, or the way the culture deals with inequalities. Hofstede (1997,p. 28) defines power distance as â€Å"the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally†. Hofstede believes that power distance is learned early in families. In high power distance cultures, children are expected to be obedient toward parents versus being treated more or less as equals. In high power distance cultures, people are expected to display respect for those of higher status. For example, in countries such as Cambodia and Thailand, people are expected to display respect for monks by greeting and taking leave of monks with ritualistic greetings, removing hats in the presence of a monk, dressing modestly, seating monks at a higher level, and using a vocabulary that shows respect. In a high power distance culture, company bosses are â€Å"kings† and employees â€Å"loyal subjects† who don’t speak out. In the low power distance workplace, subordinates expect to be consulted, and ideal bosses are democratic. In more democratic organizations, leaders are physically more accessible. And finally, the last dimension is about uncertainty avoidance which expresses the deficit that people tolerate ambiguous situations and need formal rules. Uncertainty is â€Å"the extent to which the members of a culture fell threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. One of the dimensions of national cultures (from weak to strong). †. Some cultures need to have a strong uncertainty avoidance like France. In France many strict regulations are used and tasks are heavily centralized in companies and for meetings it is important to consider that. They are very careful with the details or any circumstances which could cause any kind of uncertainty for French business people. Germans and Finns have a less level of uncertainty avoidance and a medium level of power distance have the need for clearly specified competence to avoid uncertainty. They need specific procedures and distributions of tasks, instructions and rules. The co-ordination and control can be achieved through standardization and certification measurers. Americans and Chinese (Hong Kong) have a lower need for uncertainty avoidance and rather avoid too many rules and formalities. They are more likely to stimulate innovations and emphasize new ideas. They are more flexible and more acting than reacting on changes occurring inside and outside of business. In contrast cultures with very strong uncertainty avoidance display their emotions in the way that everything that is different, is dangerous. They resist in changes and worry about their future. 3. Cultural leadership Are leaders made or born? I think this is a question that most of us asked in a moment or another. In my opinion leaders are made but they must have some skills before that process too. If somebody have the desire and willpower, he can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. To inspire your workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things a leader must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. We can affirm that culture is a long-term, complex phenomenon. Culture represents the shared expectations and self-image of the organization. The mature values that create â€Å"tradition† or the â€Å"way we do things here† because as we should know things are done differently in every organization. The collective vision and common folklore that define the institution are a reflection of culture. Individual leaders, cannot easily create or change culture because culture is a part of the organization. Culture influences the characteristics of the climate by its effect on the actions and thought processes of the leader. But, everything somebody dose as a leader will affect the climate of the organization. For instance, the cultural diversity of employees found in worldwide multinational organizations presents a substantial challenge with respect to the design of multinational organizations and their leadership. In my opinion, given the increased globalization of industrial organizations and increased interdependencies among nations, the need for better understanding of cultural influences on leadership and organizational practices is getting higher. Situations that leaders must face are highly complex, constantly changing, and difficult to interpret. More than ever before, managers of international firms face fierce and rapidly changing international competition. Globalization has also created the need for leaders to become competent in cross-cultural awareness and practice. Adler and Bartholomew (1992, p. 53) contend that global leaders need to develop five cross-cultural competencies. First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural environments worldwide. Second, they need to learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of many other cultures. Third, they need to be able to work simultaneously with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to learn to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equality rather than cultural superiority. Additionally, global leaders need to be skilled in creating trans cultural visions. They need to develop communication competencies that will enable them to articulate and implement their vision in a diverse workplace. In sum, today’s leaders need to acquire a challenging set of competencies if they intend to be effective in present-day global societies. GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness) started a research program in order to describe how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, and they identified six global leadership behaviors: charismatic/ value based, team oriented, participative, humane oriented, autonomous, and self-protective. These global leadership behaviors were defined as follows: Charismatic/value-based leadership reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. Team-oriented leadership emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic and administratively competent. Participative leadership reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and non-autocratic. Humane-oriented leadership emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes modesty and sensitivity to people. Autonomous leadership refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. Self-protective leadership reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, and procedural. Below, you have examples with leadership styles in different cultures: The countries from Eastern European have the idea of a leader which is moderately charismatic/value-based team-oriented, and people-oriented yet largely uninterested in involving others in the decision-making process. To sum up, this culture describes a leader as one who is highly autonomous, makes decisions independently, and is to a certain degree inspiring, team-oriented, and attentive to human needs. Quite different from the Eastern European countries, the Latin American countries place the most importance on team-oriented, charismatic/value based, and self-protective leadership and the least importance on autonomous leadership. As a fact ,those leaders tend to be moderately interested in people and their participation in decision making. An ideal example of leadership for the Nordic European countries is leadership that is highly visionary and participative while being somewhat independent and diplomatic. For these countries, it is less important that their leaders be people oriented or protective of their office. Nordic Europeans prefer leaders who are inspiring and involve others in decision making. They do not expect their leaders to be exceedingly compassionate, nor do they expect them to be concerned with status and other self-centered attributes. For countries in Africa, an ideal leader is modest, compassionate, and sensitive to the people. In addition, they believe a leader should be relatively charismatic/value-based, team oriented, participative, and self-protective. Leaders who act independently or act alone are viewed as less effective in these countries. In short, the African profile characterizes effective leadership as caring leadership. Like many other countries, these countries believe leaders should be inspirational, collaborative, and not excessively self-centered. Leaders who act autonomously are seen as ineffective in African countries. The leadership profile for the Middle Eastern countries differs significantly from the profiles of the other regions. Middle Eastern countries find self-attributes such as face saving and status are important characteristics of effective leadership. They also value being independent and familial. However, they find charisma, collaboration, and participative decision making less essential for effective leadership. To sum up, the Middle Eastern profile of leadership emphasizes status and face saving and de-emphasizes charismatic/value-based and group-oriented leadership. As we can see above, the dominant cultural norms endorsed by societal cultures induce global leader behavior patterns and organizational practices that are differentially expected and viewed as legitimate among cultures. Thus, the attributes and behaviors of leaders are, in part, a reflection of the organizational practices, which in turn are a reflection of societal cultures. 4. Conclusions After I have done this paper I realized that culture and leadership are like the two sides of the same coin. I believe that culture have a significant impact on leadership. First of all, culture shapes an individual ‘s self-definition of a leader through fundamental ideas about self and work. Second, the norms, values, beliefs or assumption an individual already learnt in the culture, makes him pass through cultural filters so that he perceive the world of work and leadership development different, meaning we don’t see the world through the same lens. We talked about culture, its definitions from different points of view, dimensions of culture and cultural leadership. Here we touched arias like: globalization, leadership’s styles accepted all over the world with regional examples. After all, the core of this project can be summarized in a couple of phrases, like the ones below. Leaders are immersed in their own societal culture, and they are most likely to enact the global leader behavior patterns that are favored in that culture. Founders influence the behavior of subordinate leaders and subsequent leaders by use of selective management selection criteria, role modeling, and socialization. Further, the dominant cultural norms endorsed by societal cultures induce global leader behavior patterns and organizational practices that are differentially expected and viewed as legitimate among cultures. Thus, the attributes and behaviors of leaders are, in part, a reflection of the organizational practices, which in turn are a reflection of societal cultures. At the present time, there is a greater need for effective international and cross-cultural collaboration, communication and cooperation, not only for the effective practice of leadership, but also for the betterment of the human conditions. As we view in this project, globalization has let its mark on the cultures of the world, which are getting more and more interconnected. As a conclusion, nowadays leaders should be encouraged or take initiative to reflect on their own values, see that multicultural differences exist and work to improve culture for all. 5. References Cultures and Organizations – Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival† Hofstede, Geert (1994) http://books. google. ro Cross-cultural approaches to leadership development by Clyde Brooklyn Derr http://www. cribd. com/doc/17743776/Nature-of-Culture-Its-Impact-on-Business http://www. via-web. de/conceptualization-of-culture/ http://www. ramergroup. com/pdfs/Concepts-of-Leadership. pdf http://www. online-leadership-tools. com/develop-leadership. html http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadcon. html :Concepts of Leadership http://www. thunderbird. edu/wwwfiles/sites/globe/pdf/process. pdf – Cultural Influences on Lea dership and Organizations: Project GLOBE ——————————————–

Kant Immanuel essays

Kant Immanuel essays In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts are ideas we reach from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, a priori concepts are ideas we reach as an end point of reasoning prior to or apart from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that moral actions are supposed done for the reason of morality alone. This train of thought leads to the conclusion that an understanding of morality must be based on a priori concepts of reason. Truly moral ideas are then universally valid if and only if they are based on a priori concepts. From this idea of a priori concepts, Kant begins his thesis with the notion that the only thing in the world that is a qualified good is the good will, even if its efforts bring about a not necessarily good result. A good will is good because of the willing that is involved. Two main implications arise with this idea of the good will. The first implication is moral actions cannot have impure motivations. There are many impure motivations but Kant tends to focus mainly on the motives of the pursuit of happiness and self-preservation. Second, moral actions cannot be based on the speculations of the probable results. This action is not good in itself but good because it brought about a more desirable outcome. Thus, Kant arrives at the conclusion that for an action to be considered to have genuine moral worth its motive must be that of dutifulness to moral law....

Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 3 - Essay Example There are over 62 million women in the United States of childbearing age from 15 to 44 years (â€Å"Facts†). This represents the potential target market for Oxylent. The primary market has been identified as women aged between 28 to 40 years. Currently, the Prenatal Oxylent pack is designed to contain 30 packets; further market research is necessary to establish whether additional packaging units must be made for 7, 60 and 90 packets. Additional research is also necessary with respect to advertising and distribution. The product has been pretested for purity as well as potency; further market tests will be conducted using stratified samples for possible side effects. The product will be available nationwide using a market penetration strategy, along with a strong advertising effort. Oxylent will be launched by the second quarter of this fiscal year and is expected to achieve strong market growth soon. The marketing strategies for the product have been designed to snare a ten to twenty percent market share in the first year. The Development stage is nearly wrapped up and product introduction is expected now. Sales volume is expected to be steep due to pricing strategy, strong relationship building and product innovativeness. As opposed to tablets that have to be swallowed or chewed, this innovative powder has a fruity flavor and is easily dissolved in water, making it easier for pregnant women to consume it. Furthermore, the product contains zero gluten, lactose, caffeine, artificial flavors and sugar. This product USP sets this product apart from competition and attracts women. To ensure sustained market growth this USP needs to be communicated to the target market. â€Å"Vitalah Introduces Prenatal Oxylent— An Innovative, Easy-to-Digest, Great-Tasting Effervescent and the Official Prenatal Multivitamin of the American Pregnancy Association.† Americanpregnancy. American Pregnancy

Leadership Practice in Health and Social Care Essay

Leadership Practice in Health and Social Care - Essay Example From this study it is clear that skills theory is also another leadership theory. This theory highlights the fact that acquired skills are significant elements in securing effective leadership. It is the opposite of traits theory as it argues that more than inherited traits, acquired skills have a greater role in ensuring effective leadership. This type of leadership is favourable as it supports the notion that most anyone can become a leader.   Where the trait theory emphasizes on the fact that leadership is inheritable, the skills theory points out that individuals can work hard towards the establishment of skills needed in order to be good leaders. In health care leadership, skills are often learned in the practice. Practitioners have to undergo significant skills training in order to be good leaders. They are not born knowing the applications in the health practice.  As the report stresses  issues with this leadership theory come from the fact that there is a vague line bet ween trait and skills theory. The establishment of various skills are based on personal traits. For instance, social judgment and human skills are easier to establish for individuals who are naturally extroverts. Moreover, general knowledge and the power to secure skills are based on one’s biological traits.  The skills mode also does not provide explanations on why and how these skills impact on leadership. Instead, this theory highlights more the importance of identifying skills which are essential for leadership.... This theory highlights the fact that acquired skills are significant elements in securing effective leadership. It is the opposite of traits theory as it argues that more than inherited traits, acquired skills have a greater role in ensuring effective leadership (Marquis and Huston, 2008). This type of leadership is favourable as it supports the notion that most anyone can become a leader. Where the trait theory emphasizes on the fact that leadership is inheritable, the skills theory points out that individuals can work hard towards the establishment of skills needed in order to be good leaders (Marquis and Huston, 2008). In health care leadership, skills are often learned in the practice. Practitioners have to undergo significant skills training in order to be good leaders. They are not born knowing the applications in the health practice. Issues with this leadership theory come from the fact that there is a vague line between trait and skills theory. The establishment of various sk ills are based on personal traits (Johnson, 2009). For instance, social judgment and human skills are easier to establish for individuals who are naturally extroverts. Moreover, general knowledge and the power to secure skills are based on one’s biological traits (Johnson, 2009). The skills mode also does not provide explanations on why and how these skills impact on leadership. Instead, this theory highlights more the importance of identifying skills which are essential for leadership (Rowitz, 2009). The situational theory of leadership is yet another form of leadership which can be applied in the health care practice. This type of leadership indicates that various situations call for different styles of leadership

Measuring Productivity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Measuring Productivity - Research Paper Example As Lippi, Mattiuzzi and Plebani (2015) said, some of the factors that should be considered when establishing the primary productivity measure for the microbiology unit encompasses the duration of time spent by the staffs on hands on activities: that is, for a centrifuging operation, the most important productivity measure is usually the duration of time taken by a technologist to load and remove the centrifuge, not the spinning time. Other time productivity measurements which are equally important to the process include: time of day, the technologist to patient or sample ratio, and the amount of time spent on preparing laboratory machines or conducting their routine maintenance (Langabeer, 2008). One productivity measure for this unit is: spending an average of 5 minutes on setting up the machines for use and conducting routine maintenance; 4 minutes for preparing each specimen for centrifuging; and displaying the deliverables on soft-copy and hard copies. This productivity measure will optimize the primary microbiology activities by limiting potential time wastage on setting up the machine, placing the specimen for examination or relaying the results to physicians to facilitate interventions (Yakusheva, Lindrooth, & Weiss, 2014). However, the productivity measure can create the unintended consequence of impeding quality deliverables, which would otherwise be achieved if the technologists spent slightly longer time to conduct the

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay Interest in animal welfare goes back to the 1800’s (Assem Int). â€Å"Every year tens of thousands of animals suffer and die of laboratory test of cosmetics and household products despite the fact that the test results do not help prevent or treat purposeful misuse of the products (â€Å"Quotes† Int). Every year millions of animals are poisoned, blinded and killed during experiments to evaluate the toxicity of consumer products and their ingredients (â€Å"Testing† Int.). Animal Testing is cruel and inhumane (Teasdale Int). Scientists perform experiments on animals for two reasons: Toxicity and biological research (â€Å"Fact† Int). Sufficient existing data, as well as in vitro, test tube, alternatives make animal testing unnecessary (â€Å"Animal† Int). Non-animal research methods include clinical research; epidemiology and cellular methods are more affective, accurate and less time consuming (â€Å"Facts† Int). I believe that animal testing is wrong and if there are alternatives for research then there’s no explanation for why people should hurt of kill animals. To prove my thesis I will explain the History, Laws, Beliefs, Quotes, Statistics, Types and number of animals, Types of test, Results, Alternatives, and lastly my own opinion on the whole subject! The Law states that animal testing for cosmetics has been banned in a number of European Union Countries (Int). Europe is phasing out animal testing but the U.S has thus far failed to follow suit (â€Å"Cosmetics† Int). No Law requires animal testing of cosmetics or personal care and household products, so manufactures of these products have no excuse for inflicting suffering on animals (â€Å"Testing† Int). Laws regulating federal animal welfare act does not cover animals during tests no matter how long the test may go (Int). I believe that if the U.S has not yet banned animal testing that they probably never will. I also believe that if there is no laws stating that animals have to be used why use them in tests!!!! Buss 2 People have their own opinions on many different things. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary, poor scientific practice, poorly regulated, and costs over weigh alleged benefits (â€Å"Animal† Int). The tests they do on animals are not reliable in determining chemical effects on humans (â€Å"Testing† Int). In addition to being cruel and unreliable animal tests tend to be more expensive than alternative methods, making them both unkind and inefficient (Int). The suffering and death of these animals is entirely unnecessary in the making of products like shampoo, eye shadow, and toilet cleaner (Int). Some Quotes spoken by important people about animal testing include: Edwards Freemans quote stating â€Å"The awful wrongs and sufferings forced upon innocent, helpless, faithful animal race form the blackest chapter in the world† (â€Å"Quotes† Int). Another quote from George Eliot states â€Å"Animals are such agreeable friends they ask no questions they pass no criticism† (Int). Mahatma Gandki says, â€Å"The greatness of the nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated (Int). As Leonardo Da Vinci once said, â€Å"The time will come when men will look upon the murder of animals as they now look at the murder of men† (Int). â€Å"He who is cruel to animal becomes hard also in his dealings with men.† We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment to animals†, says Immanuel Kant (Int). Buss 3 Some statistics include that animal testing is wrong because 65% of the animal tests that have been passed on animals have killed hundreds of people and the animals die for no reason (Teasdale Int). For example, Nicotine is lethal to humans at 0.9 mg/kg but in dogs it is a staggering 9.2 mg/kg, in pigeons 75mg/kg and in rats 53mg/kg (â€Å"Cruelty† Int). Also of the 198 drugs that went to the market in the decade ending in 1985, 102 or 51% turned out to be more dangerous than pre market items (â€Å"Fact† Int). That has caused  ¼ of the 126 U.S medical schools including Yale, Georgetown, and others have dropped all animal laboratories from their curriculum. Allot of animal testing statistics come from the types of animals used and number used per year. There had been a sharp rise in the number of farm animals used more than doubling 32,200 in 1994 to 75,100 in 2004 (â€Å"Fact† Int). The number of rats used has fallen remarkably since the use of farm animals. Although the number of animals dropped steadily from the mid 1970’s there has been a small rise from 2001-2005 (Int). Each year in the U.S an estimated 20-70 million animals from cats, dogs, rats, mice and primates suffer and die (Int). It has been an estimated that as many as 100 million mice are used in laboratories each year (â€Å"Animal† Int). In the U.S testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the 1966 animal welfare act (Int). I feel getting the animal for the wild is a little better than getting them from a breeding facility because they aren’t usually nice and friendly. I also believe it is morally wrong to kill animals to figure out the toxicity of products when sometimes the products could kill humans. There are many questions about why they test on animals and what the names of the tests are. They test on animals to understand how humans and other animals function in the process called fundamental biological research (â€Å"Fact† Int). The toxicology tests whether substances used by humans such as drugs have the desired effect without at the same time poisoning them (Int). Many shampoos and other personal care products under go safety testing before they are made available to consumers (â€Å"Cosmetics† Int). Few useful cancer fighting therapies on animals resulted in cancer death rates to continue to climb (â€Å"Fact† Int). For example animal tests in the war on cancer have been a large failure. Some test that they do are LD50 or Lethal Dose Fifty, which refers to the lethal dose that is required to kill 50% of all animals in a test group of 40-200 (Int). Another test is the skin irritancy test. The last test they do is called the Draize Test. Those are the tests they inflict on poor animals. Buss 4 There are very shocking results that come with animal testing. Many animal tests produce results that are relevant to human health (â€Å"Fact† Int). Animals and humans differ in medically important ways, and often tests produce misleading results (Int). A product that made a test animal go blind could very well be sold to you (â€Å"Testing† Int). Animal experiments in stroke research led to false conclusion, waste of time, and research funds (Int). Animal tests are poor predictors of the efforts of other drugs as well (Int). In addition different species react differently to various substances, substances that fail to damage a rabbits and may be toxic to a human (â€Å"Cruelty† Int). Ironically these tests are rarely used in situations of actual human poisoning (Int). Even though manufactures use animals to test on there are other methods that can be used they are called alternatives. The non-animal test results have in fact proven themselves more accurate, and less expensive than those involving animal cruelty (Int). Many alternatives are classified under the three R’s: Reduction, Refinement, and replacement of animals with non animal methods (Int). In most cases non-animal methods take less time, cost only a fraction, and are not plagued with specie differences that make extrapolation difficult or impossible (â€Å"Cruelty† Int). The Avon cosmetic company has personally endorsed the Eytex system as an alternative to the powerful Draize test (â€Å"Cruelty† Int). Episkin and Epiderm have also been scientifically accepted around the world as a total replacement of animals (â€Å"Testing† Int). Instead of animal testing they could also use computer vital organs that serve as accurate models of the human body (Int). I bel ieve that if there is an alternative why not use it. I believe that if alternatives are less costly and more affective then manufactures shouldn’t choose animals as there test subjects. It is cruel and inhumane!!! Buss 5 In conclusion, I believe that animal testing is cruel, mean, and non-human like. Now I would like to point out some key facts and quotes from my paper. Scientists perform experiments for toxicology and biological research (â€Å"Facts† Int). Also that Europe is phasing out on animal testing and that the U.S has thus far failed to follow (â€Å"Cosmetics† Int). Another main point in my paper is laws regulating conditions for laboratory animals are minimal and poorly enforced (â€Å"Fact† Int). â€Å"The greatness of the nation and its moral progress can be judged b the way its animals are treated, Mahatma Gandki (Int). Every year 100 million mice are used in laboratory tests (â€Å"Animal† Int). Over 3 million animals have been tormented all in the name of research. If you really care about animals talk to your local stores and ask them if the supply necessity’s that have not undergone animal testing. Or just look for labels that say â€Å"No Animal Testing† or â€Å"Vegan† (â€Å"Cosmetics† Int). That is why I believe that animal testing is wrong and inhumane!!! What is your viewpoint on this subject! Works Cited â€Å"Animal Testing.† 2008. Animaltestingfacts. 28 March. 2008. http://www.animaltestingfacts.zoomshare.com â€Å"Animal Testing.† 2008. Answers.com.24 March.2008. http://www.answersanimaltesting.com â€Å"Animal Testing.† 2008. Api4animals.20 March. 2008. Http://www.Api4adnimals.com â€Å"Animal Testing.† CosmeticsPersonalcare.12 Oct. 2004. Grinningplanet.com.18 April.2008. www.grinningplanet,com/2004/10-12/cosmetics-animal-testing-article.htm â€Å"Assem, Louise. â€Å" Alternatives to animal testing. 14 Jan.2008. Infotrac.com. 28 March 2008.